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  • 1 BAC

    I.
    bac1 [bak]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = bateau) ferry ; (pour voitures) car-ferry
       b. ( = récipient) tub ; [d'évier] sink ; [de courrier, imprimante] tray ; ( = présentoir) display stand
    II.
    bac2 [bak]
    masculine noun
    ( = baccalauréat)
       a. (en France) formation bac + 3 ≈ 3 years' higher education ;  → << baccalauréat
       b. (au Canada = licence) ≈ BA
    * * *
    bak
    nom masculin
    1) (colloq) École (abbr = baccalauréat) baccalaureate
    2) ( bateau) ferry
    3) ( cuve) gén tub; Industrie vat; Photographie tray
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    bak
    1. nm
    See:
    2) (= bateau) ferry
    3) (= récipient) tub, (dans un frigo: pour les légumes, le fromage) compartment, (pour les glaçons) tray
    4) PHOTOGRAPHIE tray
    5) INDUSTRIE tank, vat
    2. bacs nmpl
    * * *
    bac nm
    1 ○ Scol (abbr = baccalauréat) baccalaureate; ‘bac + 2’ baccalaureate plus 2 years' higher education;
    2 ( bateau) ferry;
    3 ( cuve) gén tub; Ind vat; Phot tray; évier à deux bacs double sink.
    bac blanc Scol mock baccalaureate; bac à fleurs plant tub; bac à glace ice tray; bac à légumes vegetable compartment (in fridge), crisper US; bac professionnel Scol ≈ GNVQ (secondary school vocational diploma); bac à sable sandpit GB, sandbox US; bac à shampooing shampoo basin; bac à voitures car-ferry.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > BAC

  • 2 bac

    I.
    bac1 [bak]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = bateau) ferry ; (pour voitures) car-ferry
       b. ( = récipient) tub ; [d'évier] sink ; [de courrier, imprimante] tray ; ( = présentoir) display stand
    II.
    bac2 [bak]
    masculine noun
    ( = baccalauréat)
       a. (en France) formation bac + 3 ≈ 3 years' higher education ;  → << baccalauréat
       b. (au Canada = licence) ≈ BA
    * * *
    bak
    nom masculin
    1) (colloq) École (abbr = baccalauréat) baccalaureate
    2) ( bateau) ferry
    3) ( cuve) gén tub; Industrie vat; Photographie tray
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    bak
    1. nm
    See:
    2) (= bateau) ferry
    3) (= récipient) tub, (dans un frigo: pour les légumes, le fromage) compartment, (pour les glaçons) tray
    4) PHOTOGRAPHIE tray
    5) INDUSTRIE tank, vat
    2. bacs nmpl
    * * *
    bac nm
    1 ○ Scol (abbr = baccalauréat) baccalaureate; ‘bac + 2’ baccalaureate plus 2 years' higher education;
    2 ( bateau) ferry;
    3 ( cuve) gén tub; Ind vat; Phot tray; évier à deux bacs double sink.
    bac blanc Scol mock baccalaureate; bac à fleurs plant tub; bac à glace ice tray; bac à légumes vegetable compartment (in fridge), crisper US; bac professionnel Scol ≈ GNVQ (secondary school vocational diploma); bac à sable sandpit GB, sandbox US; bac à shampooing shampoo basin; bac à voitures car-ferry.
    [bak] nom masculin
    1. NAUTIQUE (small) ferry ou ferryboat
    2. [dans un réfrigérateur] compartment, tray
    [dans un bureau]
    [pour plantes]
    3. COMMERCE [présentoir] dump bin
    4. [fosse, réserve - pour liquides] tank, vat ; [ - pour stockage de pièces] container
    a. [d'imprimante, de photocopieuse] paper tray
    b. [d'enfant] sandpit (UK), sandbox (US)
    c. [pour routes] grit bin
    5. PHOTOGRAPHIE [cuvette - vide] tray ; [ - pleine] bath
    6. (familier) [diplôme]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > bac

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 recuperar

    v.
    to recover.
    recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time
    recuperó la salud she got better, she recovered
    recuperó la libertad tras diez años en la cárcel he regained his freedom after ten years in prison
    Ellos rescataron el dinero They retrieved the money.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to recover, recuperate, retrieve
    2 (afecto) to win back; (conocimiento) to regain; (salud) to recover; (tiempo, clases) to make up
    1 (disgusto, emoción) to get over (de, -), recover (de, from)
    2 (enfermedad) to recover (de, from), recuperate (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=recobrar)
    a) [+ bienes] to recover; [+ costes, pérdidas, inversión] to recoup, recover

    no recuperamos el dinero robado — we didn't get the stolen money back, we didn't recover the stolen money más frm

    b) [+ credibilidad, poder, libertad, control] to regain; [+ fuerzas] to get back, regain

    al verte recuperó la sonrisa — the smile came back o returned to her face when she saw you

    nunca recuperó la memoria — she never got her memory back, she never regained o recovered her memory

    c) [+ clase, día] to make up
    d) (Inform) to retrieve
    2) (=reutilizar)
    a) [+ edificio] to restore; [+ tierras] to reclaim; [+ chatarra, vidrio] to salvage
    b) [del olvido] [+ artista, obra] to revive; [+ tradiciones] to restore, revive
    3) (Educ) to retake, resit
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/joyas/botín> to recover, get back; < pérdidas> to recoup
    b) < vista> to recover

    recuperar la salud — to get better, recover

    recuperar la confianza en sí mismo — to regain o recover one's self-confidence

    c) ( compensar)
    d) <examen/asignatura> to retake, make up (AmE)
    2.
    recuperarse v pron

    recuperarse DE algo — de enfermedad to recover from something, recuperate from something (frml); de sorpresa/desgracia to get over something, recover from something

    * * *
    = hit, recall, recoup, recover, retrieve, reclaim, effect + retrieval, recuperate, redeem, catch up on, resuscitate, give + a second life, turn + Nombre + (a)round, regain.
    Ex. FIB$3 will hit words where the stem 'FIB' is followed by no more than three characters.
    Ex. Word processing software available for use on mainframe computers, microcomputers and word processors was originally designed for application where it is convenient to be able to store a text, then recall this text, and re-use it with minor modifications, at a later date.
    Ex. If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
    Ex. In order to fulfil this function, the information which is stored in the library must be recovered, or retrieved, from the store.
    Ex. Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.
    Ex. The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex. Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex. Competition with superstores has forced them to recuperate sales by focusing on specific areas.
    Ex. Eliot somehow suggests that a mix of blood and electricity might yet redeem the petty materialism of the modern world that he had previously seen only as a wasteland.
    Ex. Non-book materials will need positive discrimination to catch up on the neglect in the past.
    Ex. An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex. This book will show you how to give a second life to everything from plastic containers to bubble wrap to pantyhose and more.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. Once he regained his weight, he began to play like he did in 2006, when he won the tournament.
    ----
    * ayudar a Alguien a recuperarse = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.
    * fácil de recuperar = easily-retrievable.
    * recuperar de = resurrect from.
    * recuperar el aliento = catch + Posesivo + breath.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el prestigio = regain + Posesivo + prestige.
    * recuperar el sentido = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * recuperar gastos = recoup + costs, recoup against + costs.
    * recuperar la confianza = boost + Posesivo + confidence, bolster + confidence.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar la salud = regain + Posesivo + health.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperarse = rally + Reflexivo, find + Posesivo + feet, rebound, pick up, rally, turn + a corner, get + a second wind, get back into + the game, pick up + the pieces.
    * recuperarse de = reel from.
    * recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <dinero/joyas/botín> to recover, get back; < pérdidas> to recoup
    b) < vista> to recover

    recuperar la salud — to get better, recover

    recuperar la confianza en sí mismo — to regain o recover one's self-confidence

    c) ( compensar)
    d) <examen/asignatura> to retake, make up (AmE)
    2.
    recuperarse v pron

    recuperarse DE algo — de enfermedad to recover from something, recuperate from something (frml); de sorpresa/desgracia to get over something, recover from something

    * * *
    = hit, recall, recoup, recover, retrieve, reclaim, effect + retrieval, recuperate, redeem, catch up on, resuscitate, give + a second life, turn + Nombre + (a)round, regain.

    Ex: FIB$3 will hit words where the stem 'FIB' is followed by no more than three characters.

    Ex: Word processing software available for use on mainframe computers, microcomputers and word processors was originally designed for application where it is convenient to be able to store a text, then recall this text, and re-use it with minor modifications, at a later date.
    Ex: If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
    Ex: In order to fulfil this function, the information which is stored in the library must be recovered, or retrieved, from the store.
    Ex: Step 1 Familiarisation: A searcher must be adequately familiar with that which he wishes to retrieve.
    Ex: The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: Competition with superstores has forced them to recuperate sales by focusing on specific areas.
    Ex: Eliot somehow suggests that a mix of blood and electricity might yet redeem the petty materialism of the modern world that he had previously seen only as a wasteland.
    Ex: Non-book materials will need positive discrimination to catch up on the neglect in the past.
    Ex: An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex: This book will show you how to give a second life to everything from plastic containers to bubble wrap to pantyhose and more.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: Once he regained his weight, he began to play like he did in 2006, when he won the tournament.
    * ayudar a Alguien a recuperarse = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.
    * fácil de recuperar = easily-retrievable.
    * recuperar de = resurrect from.
    * recuperar el aliento = catch + Posesivo + breath.
    * recuperar el conocimiento = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el prestigio = regain + Posesivo + prestige.
    * recuperar el sentido = regain + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * recuperar gastos = recoup + costs, recoup against + costs.
    * recuperar la confianza = boost + Posesivo + confidence, bolster + confidence.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar la salud = regain + Posesivo + health.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperarse = rally + Reflexivo, find + Posesivo + feet, rebound, pick up, rally, turn + a corner, get + a second wind, get back into + the game, pick up + the pieces.
    * recuperarse de = reel from.
    * recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.

    * * *
    recuperar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹dinero/joyas/botín› to recover, get back; ‹pérdidas› to recoup
    recuperamos las joyas pero no el dinero we got the jewels back o we recovered the jewels but not the money
    por fin recuperé todos los libros que había prestado I finally got back all the books I'd lent out
    2 ‹vista› to recover
    recuperó la salud she got well again, she recovered
    pasé unos días en cama para recuperar fuerzas I stayed in bed for a couple of days to get my strength back
    nunca recuperó la confianza en sí mismo he never regained o recovered his self-confidence
    3
    (compensar): recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time
    el sábado recuperaremos la clase de hoy we'll make up today's lesson on Saturday
    tuve que recuperar los días que estuve enfermo I had to make up (for) the days I was off sick
    4 ‹delincuente› to rehabilitate
    5 ‹examen/asignatura› to retake, to make up ( AmE), to resit ( BrE)
    6 ( Inf) to undelete
    recuperarse DE algo ‹de una enfermedad› to recover FROM sth, get over sth, recuperate FROM sth ( frml); ‹de una sorpresa/una desgracia› to get over sth, recover FROM sth
    ya está recuperado del accidente he has recovered from o got(ten) over the accident
    * * *

     

    recuperar ( conjugate recuperar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹dinero/joyas/botín› to recover, get back;

    ‹ pérdidas› to recoup
    b) ‹vista/salud› to recover;

    ‹ confianza› to regain;



    d) ‹examen/asignatura› to retake, make up (AmE)

    recuperarse verbo pronominal recuperarse DE algo ‹ de enfermedad› to recover from sth, recuperate from sth (frml);
    ‹de sorpresa/desgracia› to get over sth, recover from sth
    recuperar verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to recover, retrieve
    2 (la salud, un sentido, etc) to recover, regain: recuperar las fuerzas, to get one's strength back
    3 (el tiempo) to make up
    4 (una asignatura) to retake
    ' recuperar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amortizar
    - desempeñar
    - reanimarse
    - reivindicar
    - fuerza
    English:
    catch up
    - claw back
    - get back
    - homeland
    - make up
    - recapture
    - reclaim
    - recoup
    - recover
    - regain
    - repossess
    - retrieve
    - snatch back
    - take back
    - win back
    - even
    - get
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [recobrar] [lo perdido] to recover;
    [espacios naturales] to reclaim; [horas de trabajo] to make up; [conocimiento] to regain;
    recuperar el tiempo perdido to make up for lost time;
    recuperó la salud she got better, she recovered;
    recuperó la vista she regained her sight, she got her sight back;
    no recuperaron el dinero invertido they didn't get back o recoup the money they invested;
    recuperó la libertad tras diez años en la cárcel he regained his freedom after ten years in prison;
    haremos un descanso para recuperar fuerzas we'll have a break to get our strength back
    2. [rehabilitar] [local, edificio] to refurbish
    3. Informát [información dañada] to recover
    4. [reciclar] to recover
    5. [examen] to retake, Br to resit;
    tengo que recuperar la física en septiembre I have to retake physics in September
    6. [en baloncesto] to steal
    * * *
    v/t
    1 tiempo make up
    2 algo perdido recover, get back
    3 exámen retake, Br
    re-sit
    4 en baloncesto steal
    * * *
    1) : to recover, to get back, to retrieve
    2) : to recuperate
    3) : to make up for
    recuperar el tiempo perdido: to make up for lost time
    * * *
    1. (en general) to recover / to get back
    perdí el monedero, pero al día siguiente lo recuperé I lost my purse, but I got it back the next day
    2. (tiempo, clases) to make up
    3. (examen) to pass a resit

    Spanish-English dictionary > recuperar

  • 5 Lever, William Hesketh

    [br]
    b. 19 September 1851 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 7 May 1925 Hampstead, London, England
    [br]
    English manufacturer of soap.
    [br]
    William Hesketh Lever was the son of the retail grocer James Lever, who built up the large wholesale firm of Lever \& Co. in the north-west of England. William entered the firm at the age of 19 as a commercial traveller, and in the course of his work studied the techniques of manufacture and the quality of commercial soaps available at the time. He decided that he would concentrate on the production of a soap that was not evil-smelling, would lather easily and be attractively packaged. In 1884 he produced Sunlight Soap, which became the trade mark for Lever \& Co. He had each tablet wrapped, partly to protect the soap from oxygenization and thus prevent it from becoming rancid, and partly to display his brand name as a form of advertising. In 1885 he raised a large capital sum, purchased the Soap Factory in Warrington of Winser \& Co., and began manufacture. His product contained oils from copra, palm and cotton blended with tallow and resin, and its quality was carefully monitored during production. In a short time it was in great demand and began to replace the previously available alternatives of home-made soap and poor-quality, unpleasant-smelling bars.
    It soon became necessary to expand the firm's premises, and in 1887 Lever purchased fifty-six acres of land upon which he set up a new centre of manufacture. This was in the Wirral in Cheshire, near the banks of the River Mersey. Production at the new factory, which was called Port Sunlight, began in January 1889. Lever introduced a number of technical improvements in the production process, including the heating systems and the recovery of glycerine (which could later be sold) from the boiling process.
    Like Sir Titus Salt of Saltaire before him, Lever believed it to be in the interest of the firm to house his workers in a high standard of building and comfort close to the factory.
    By the early twentieth century he had created Port Sunlight Village, one of the earliest and certainly the most impressive housing estates, for his employees. Architecturally the estate is highly successful, being built from a variety of natural materials and vernacular styles by a number of distinguished architects, so preventing an overall architectural monotony. The comprehensive estate comprises, in addition to the factory and houses, a church, an art gallery, schools, a cottage hospital, library, bank, fire station, post office and shops, as well as an inn and working men's institute, both of which were later additions. In 1894 Lever \& Co. went public and soon was amalgamated with other soap firms. It was at its most successful high point by 1910.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    First Viscount Leverhulme of the Western Isles.
    Further Reading
    1985, Dictionary of Business Biography. Butterworth.
    Ian Campbell Bradley, 1987, Enlightened Entrepreneurs, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Lever, William Hesketh

  • 6 on

    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    put something on the table — etwas auf den Tisch legen od. stellen

    be on the table — auf dem Tisch sein

    write something on the wall — etwas an die Wand schreiben

    be hanging on the wall — an der Wand hängen

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the evidence — aufgrund des Beweismaterials

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    it's just on nine — es ist gerade neun

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    2) (in some direction)
    3) (switched or turned on)

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    5) (being performed)

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    6) (on duty)

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also academic.ru/62377/right">right 4. 4)

    * * *
    [on] 1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) auf, in
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) in
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) an, bei
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) über
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) in
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) auf
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) auf
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) in, an
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) zu
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) an
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) auf, an
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) mit
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) als
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) auf
    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) auf
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) weiter
    3) (( also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) an
    4) (( also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) hinein
    5) (( also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) im Gange
    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) stattfinden
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) stattfinden
    •
    - oncoming
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto
    * * *
    on
    [ɒn, AM ɑ:n]
    I. prep
    1. (on top of) auf + dat
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat
    2. with verbs of motion (onto) auf + akk
    put the pot \on the table! stell den Topf auf den Tisch!
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach hinauf
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine
    let's hang a picture \on the wall lass uns ein Bild an die Wand hängen
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen, aufsitzen
    3. (situated on) an + dat
    , auf + dat
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss
    \on the balcony/her estate auf dem Balkon/ihrem Gut
    \on the border an der Grenze
    the shop \on the corner der Laden an der Ecke
    \on the hill/mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg
    \on the left/right auf der linken/rechten Seite
    \on platform three auf Bahnsteig [o SCHWEIZ Perron] drei m o nt
    \on track two an Gleis zwei
    4. (from) an + dat
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronleuchter hing von der Decke herab
    5. (clothing) an + dat
    with shoes \on his feet mit Schuhen an den Füßen
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Ehering am Ringfinger
    6. (hurt by) an + dat
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich habe mir den Kopf am Regal angestoßen
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen
    he cut his foot \on some glass er hat sich den Fuß an einer Glasscherbe verletzt
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern
    7. (supported by a part of the body) auf + dat
    to lie \on one's back auf dem Rücken liegen
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen
    8. (in possession of) bei + dat
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du eine Zigarette für mich übrig?
    9. (marking surface of) auf + dat
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?
    he had a scratch \on his arm er hatte einen Kratzer am Arm
    there was a smile \on her face ein Lächeln lag auf ihrem Gesicht
    10. (about) über + akk
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    he commented \on the allegations er nahm Stellung zu den Vorwürfen
    he advised her \on her taxes er beriet sie [o gab ihr Ratschläge] in Sachen Steuern
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand?
    11. (based on) auf + akk... hin
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte
    \on account of wegen + gen
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the bad weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen des schlechten Wetters ab
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich
    dependent/reliant \on sb/sth abhängig von jdm/etw
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    to rely \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen
    12. (as member of) in + dat
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift
    13. (against) auf + akk
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn
    thousands were marching \on Cologne Tausenden marschierten auf Köln zu
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm!
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    two air raids \on Munich zwei Luftangriffe auf München
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten
    to place a limit \on sth etw begrenzen
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen
    to cheat \on sb jdn betrügen
    14. (through device of) an + dat
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon
    she weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    \on the piano am Klavier
    15. (through medium of) auf + dat
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?
    do you like the jazz \on radio? gefällt dir der Jazz im Radio?
    I heard the story \on the news today ich habe die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten gehört
    a 10-part series \on Channel 3 eine zehnteilige Serie im 3. Programm
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein
    to store sth \on the computer etw im Computer speichern
    to put sth down \on paper etw aufschreiben [o BRD, ÖSTERR zu Papier bringen]
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen
    16. (in the course of) auf + dat
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    17. (travelling with) in + dat
    , mit + dat
    I love travelling \on buses/trains ich fahre gerne mit Bussen/Zügen
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren mit der Fähre nach Frankreich
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen
    \on foot/horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    18. (on day of) an + dat
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    \on Saturday morning/Wednesday evening am Samstagvormittag/Mittwochabend
    19. (at time of) bei + dat
    \on his brother's death beim Tod seines Bruders
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    \on arrival/departure bei der Ankunft/Abreise
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden
    20. (engaged in) bei + dat
    we were \on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    21. (regularly taking)
    ▪ to be \on sth etw nehmen
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln
    Richard lives \on a diet of junk food Richard ernährt sich ausschließlich von Junkfood
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    22. (paid by) auf + dat; BRIT
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, dass die gesetzliche Krankenkasse die Kosten übernimmt
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gebe ich aus
    to buy sth \on credit/hire purchase etw auf Kredit/Raten kaufen
    23. (sustained by) mit + dat
    , von + dat
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben
    24. (as payment for) für + akk
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    25. (added to) zusätzlich zu + dat
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    26. (connected to) an + dat
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden
    to be \on the phone AUS, BRIT ans Telefonnetz angeschlossen sein, telefonisch erreichbar sein
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    27. (according to) auf + dat
    \on the agenda/list auf der Tagesordnung/Liste
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    28. (burdening) auf + dat
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen
    that lie has been \on his conscience diese Lüge lastete auf seinem Gewissen
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache demnächst einen Ausbildungslehrgang
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir fahren in zwei Wochen in Urlaub
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden
    to be \on the go BRIT ( fig) auf Trab sein
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    to be \on strike streiken
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort
    sales are up \on last year der Umsatz ist höher als im letzten Jahr
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei Weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    31. (by chance)
    ▪ \on sb ohne jds Verschulden
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ist mir einfach ausgegangen
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    32. after n (following)
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border immer neue Flüchtlingswellen strömten über die Grenze
    33. AUS, BRIT SPORT (having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    34.
    ▶ to be \on sth BRIT, AUS etw verdienen
    ▶ \on the board in Planung
    ▶ to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben
    ▶ to be \on it AUS ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen fam, sich dat die Kanne geben BRD fam
    ▶ what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch bei Sinnen? fam
    II. adv inv
    1. (in contact with) auf
    make sure the lid's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2. (on body) an
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!
    get your shoes \on! zieh dir die Schuhe an!
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen [o SCHWEIZ anlegen] fam
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    with nothing \on nackt
    3. (indicating continuance) weiter
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!
    \on and \on immer weiter
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf
    he talked \on and \on er redete pausenlos
    4. (in forward direction) vorwärts
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt
    later \on später
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?
    to move \on (move forward) weitergehen; (transfer to another place) umziehen
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    5. (being shown)
    ▪ to be \on auf dem Programm stehen
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6. (scheduled) geplant
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7. (functioning) an
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8. (aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on kaum war sie aufgesessen, da galoppierte das Pferd schon los
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    9. (due to perform)
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    10.
    ▪ to be \on employee Dienst haben, im Dienst sein; actor auf der Bühne stehen, spielen
    11. AM (performing well)
    ▪ to be \on gut drauf sein fam
    12.
    ▶ to be \on about sth AUS, BRIT dauernd über etw akk reden
    what are you \on about? wovon redest du denn nun schon wieder?
    he knows what he's \on about er weiß, wovon er redet
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nie, wovon sie es hat fam
    ▶ to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen
    ▶ to be \on AM aufpassen
    ▶ to hang \on warten
    ▶ head \on frontal
    ▶ that's not \on BRIT, AUS ( fam) das ist nicht in Ordnung
    ▶ \on and off, off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu
    ▶ side [or sideways] \on AUS, BRIT seitlich
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto
    ▶ to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitzgekriegt haben fam
    ▶ to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen
    ▶ this way \on AUS, BRIT auf diese Weise
    ▶ to be well \on spät sein
    ▶ to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein
    ▶ you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! fam
    III. adj inv, attr
    1. AM (good) gut
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein
    2. ELEC, TECH
    \on switch Einschalter m
    * * *
    [ɒn]
    1. PREPOSITION
    When on is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg live on, lecture on, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg on the right, on request, on occasion, look up the other word.
    1) indicating place, position auf (+dat); (with vb of motion) auf (+acc); (on vertical surface, part of body) an (+dat); (with vb of motion) an (+acc)

    he hung it on the wall/nail — er hängte es an die Wand/den Nagel

    a house on the coast/main road — ein Haus am Meer/an der Hauptstraße

    he hit his head on the table/on the ground — er hat sich (dat) den Kopf am Tisch/auf dem or am Boden angeschlagen

    on TV/the radio — im Fernsehen/Radio

    2)

    = by means of, using we went on the train/bus — wir fuhren mit dem Zug/Bus

    on foot/horseback — zu Fuß/Pferd

    3) = about, concerning über (+acc)

    stars visible on clear nights — Sterne, die in klaren Nächten sichtbar sind

    5)

    = earning, getting I'm on £18,000 a year — ich bekomme £ 18.000 im Jahr

    6) = at the time of bei (+dat)

    on hearing this he left — als er das hörte, ging er

    7) = as a result of auf... (acc) hin

    he is on the committee/the board — er gehört dem Ausschuss/Vorstand an, er sitzt im Ausschuss/Vorstand

    he is on the "Evening News" — er ist bei der "Evening News"

    9)

    = doing to be on a course (Sch, Univ) — an einem Kurs teilnehmen

    10)

    = at the expense of this round is on me — diese Runde geht auf meine Kosten

    have it on me — das spendiere ich (dir), ich gebe (dir) das aus

    See:
    → house
    11) = compared with im Vergleich zu

    prices are up on last year( 's) — im Vergleich zum letzten Jahr sind die Preise gestiegen

    12)

    = taking to be on drugs/the pill — Drogen/die Pille nehmen

    13)

    indicating repetition he made mistake on mistake — er machte einen Fehler nach dem anderen

    14)

    musical instrument he played (it) on the violin/trumpet — er spielte (es) auf der Geige/Trompete

    on drums/piano — am Schlagzeug/Klavier

    Roland Kirk on tenor sax — Roland Kirk, Tenorsaxofon

    15) = according to nach (+dat)

    on your theory — Ihrer Theorie nach or zufolge, nach Ihrer Theorie

    2. ADVERB
    1)

    = in place, covering he screwed the lid on — er schraubte den Deckel drauf

    she had nothing on —

    2)

    indicating position put it this way on — stellen/legen Sie es so herum (darauf)

    3)

    indicating forward movement move on! — gehen Sie weiter!, weitergehen!

    4)

    indicating time from now on — von jetzt an

    it was well on in the night — es war zu vorgerückter Stunde, es war spät in der Nacht

    5)

    indicating continuation to keep on talking — immer weiterreden, in einem fort reden

    6)

    set structures __diams; on and on they talked on and on — sie redeten und redeten, sie redeten unentwegt

    he's always on at me — er hackt dauernd auf mir herum, er meckert dauernd an mir herum (inf)

    he's always on at me to get my hair cut — er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren, dass ich mir die Haare schneiden lassen soll

    what's he on about? —

    he knows what he's on about — er weiß, wovon er redet

    3. ADJECTIVE
    1) = switched on, functioning lights, TV, radio an; brake angezogen; electricity, gas an(gestellt)

    the "on" switch — der Einschalter

    in the "on" position —

    2) = in place lid, cover drauf

    his hat/tie was on crookedly — sein Hut saß/sein Schlips hing schief

    his hat/coat was already on — er hatte den Hut schon auf/den Mantel schon an

    3)

    = taking place there's a tennis match on at the moment — ein Tennismatch ist gerade im Gang

    what's on in London? —

    4)

    = being performed, performing to be on (in theatre, cinema) — gegeben or gezeigt werden; (on TV, radio) gesendet or gezeigt werden

    who's on tonight? (Theat, Film) — wer spielt heute Abend?, wer tritt heute Abend auf?; (TV) wer kommt heute Abend (im Fernsehen)?

    you're on now (Theat, Rad, TV) — Ihr Auftritt!, Sie sind (jetzt) dran (inf)

    tell me when the English team is on — sagen Sie mir, wenn die englische Mannschaft dran ist or drankommt

    5)

    indicating agreement, acceptability to be on (bet, agreement) — gelten

    you're on! —

    are you on? ( inf = are you with us ) —,, machst du mit?

    you're/he's not on ( Brit inf ) — das ist nicht drin (inf)

    * * *
    on [ɒn; US auch ɑn]
    A präp
    1. meist auf (dat oder akk) ( siehe die mit on verbundenen Wörter)
    2. (getragen von) auf (dat), an (dat), in (dat):
    the scar on his face die Narbe in seinem Gesicht;
    a ring on one’s finger ein Ring am Finger;
    have you got a lighter on you? haben Sie ein Feuerzeug bei sich?;
    find sth on sb etwas bei jemandem finden
    4. (Richtung, Ziel) auf (akk) … (hin), an (akk), zu:
    a blow on the chin ein Schlag ans Kinn;
    drop sth on the floor etwas auf den Fußboden oder zu Boden fallen lassen;
    hang sth on a peg etwas an einen Haken hängen
    5. fig (auf der Grundlage von) auf (akk) … (hin):
    based on facts auf Tatsachen begründet;
    live on air von (der) Luft leben;
    this car runs on petrol dieser Wagen fährt mit Benzin;
    a scholar on a foundation ein Stipendiat (einer Stiftung);
    borrow on jewels sich auf Schmuck(stücke) Geld borgen;
    a duty on silk (ein) Zoll auf Seide;
    interest on one’s capital Zinsen auf sein Kapital
    6. (aufeinanderfolgend) auf (akk), über (akk), nach:
    loss on loss Verlust auf oder über Verlust, ein Verlust nach dem andern;
    be on one’s second glass bei seinem zweiten Glas sein
    7. (gehörig) zu, (beschäftigt) bei, in (dat), an (dat):
    be on a committee (the jury, the general staff) zu einem Ausschuss (zu den Geschworenen, zum Generalstab) gehören;
    be on the “Daily Mail” bei der „Daily Mail“ (beschäftigt) sein
    8. (Zustand) in (dat), auf (dat):
    be on sth etwas (ein Medikament etc) (ständig) nehmen;
    be on pills tablettenabhängig oder -süchtig sein
    9. (gerichtet) auf (akk):
    a joke on me ein Spaß auf meine Kosten;
    shut (open) the door on sb jemandem die Tür verschließen (öffnen);
    the strain tells severely on him die Anstrengung nimmt ihn sichtlich mit;
    it’s on me umg das geht auf meine Rechnung, das zahle ich, (im Lokal auch) du bist eingeladen;
    a) jemandem nichts voraus haben,
    b) jemandem nichts anhaben können;
    have sth on sb umg eine Handhabe gegen jemanden haben, etwas Belastendes über jemanden wissen
    10. (Thema) über (akk):
    an agreement (a lecture, an opinion) on sth;
    11. (Zeitpunkt) an (dat):
    on Sunday, on the 1st of April, on April 1st;
    on or after April 1st ab oder mit Wirkung vom 1. April;
    on or before April 1st bis zum oder bis spätestens am 1. April;
    on being asked als ich etc (danach) gefragt wurde
    12. nachdem:
    on leaving school, he … nachdem er die Schule verlassen hatte, …
    13. gegenüber, im Vergleich zu:
    losses were £100,000 down on the previous year
    B adv
    place ( screw, etc) on
    a) an…:
    b) auf…:
    keep one’s hat on
    talk ( walk, etc) on;
    and so on und so weiter;
    on and on immer weiter;
    a) ab und zu,
    b) ab und an, mit Unterbrechungen;
    from that day on von dem Tage an;
    on with the show! weiter im Programm!;
    on to … auf (akk) … (hinauf oder hinaus)
    C adj präd
    a) im Gange sein (Spiel etc), vor sich gehen:
    what’s on? was ist los?;
    what’s on in London? was ist in London los?, was tut sich in London?;
    have you anything on tomorrow? haben Sie morgen etwas vor?;
    that’s not on! das ist nicht drin! umg
    b) an sein umg (Licht, Radio, Wasser etc), an-, eingeschaltet sein, laufen, auf sein umg (Hahn):
    on - off TECH An - Aus;
    the light is on das Licht brennt oder ist an(geschaltet);
    the brakes are on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    the race is on SPORT das Rennen ist gestartet;
    you are on! abgemacht!
    c) THEAT gegeben werden (Stück), laufen (Film), ( RADIO, TV) gesendet werden (Programm)
    d) d(a)ran (an der Reihe) sein
    e) (mit) dabei sein, mitmachen
    2. be on to umg etwas spitzgekriegt haben, über jemanden od etwas im Bilde sein
    3. umg be a bit on einen Schwips haben;
    be well on ganz schön blau sein
    4. he’s always on at me umg er bearbeitet mich ständig, er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren ( beide:
    about wegen)
    * * *
    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also right 4. 4)

    * * *
    adj.
    eingeschaltet adj.
    in adj. prep.
    an präp.
    auf präp.
    bei präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > on

  • 7 definitivo

    adj.
    1 definite, positive, sure, certain.
    2 definitive, decisive, final, categorical.
    3 defining.
    * * *
    1 definitive, final
    \
    en definitiva finally, in short, all in all
    ■ en definitiva, no lo compro porque no tengo dinero in short, I'm not buying it because I haven't got enough money
    * * *
    (f. - definitiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=final) definitive, final
    2) (=inamovible) [proyecto, fecha, respuesta] definite

    este es el plan, pero no es definitivo — this is the plan, but it's not definite

    3) [prueba] definitive, conclusive
    4)

    en definitiva: es, en definitiva, una pésima película — in short, it's a terrible film

    en definitiva, que no quieres venir — so you don't want to come then?

    este es, en definitiva, el mejor pacto alcanzable — all in all o all things considered, this is the best deal we can expect to achieve

    * * *
    - va adjetivo <texto/solución/respuesta> definitive; < cierre> permanent, definitive

    ésta es, en definitiva, la mejor opción — all things considered o all in all, this is the best option

    * * *
    = definitive, determinate, unalterable, final, cut and dried [cut and dry].
    Ex. His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.
    Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex. Flexibility in the notation of a scheme enables us to make a choice, but once made that choice becomes unalterable.
    Ex. The final index will mirror current terminology.
    Ex. When you start getting into these cases, you realize how much things change over time and how they're not cut and dried.
    ----
    * carácter definitivo = finality, conclusiveness.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * lo definitivo = the last word.
    * ser definitivo = be final.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo <texto/solución/respuesta> definitive; < cierre> permanent, definitive

    ésta es, en definitiva, la mejor opción — all things considered o all in all, this is the best option

    * * *
    = definitive, determinate, unalterable, final, cut and dried [cut and dry].

    Ex: His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.

    Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex: Flexibility in the notation of a scheme enables us to make a choice, but once made that choice becomes unalterable.
    Ex: The final index will mirror current terminology.
    Ex: When you start getting into these cases, you realize how much things change over time and how they're not cut and dried.
    * carácter definitivo = finality, conclusiveness.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * lo definitivo = the last word.
    * ser definitivo = be final.

    * * *
    ‹texto/solución› definitive
    su adiós definitivo al público her final farewell to all her fans
    el cierre definitivo del local the permanent closure of the premises
    éstos son los resultados definitivos these are the final o definitive results
    ya es definitivo que no viene he's definitely not coming
    se pretende dar una solución definitiva al problema the idea is to solve the problem once and for all o to find a definitive solution to the problem
    necesito una respuesta definitiva hoy I need a definite answer today
    en definitiva all in all
    en definitiva, el resultado es muy esperanzador in short o all in all, the result is very hopeful
    ésta es, en definitiva, la mejor opción all things considered o all in all, this is the best option
    * * *

     

    definitivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo ‹texto/solución/respuesta› definitive;


    ‹ cierre› permanent, definitive;

    definitivo,-a adjetivo definitive
    ♦ Locuciones: en definitiva, in short

    ' definitivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    definitiva
    - incierta
    - incierto
    - no
    - temporal
    - trampolín
    - última
    - último
    - fijo
    English:
    conclusive
    - definite
    - definitive
    - eventual
    - final
    * * *
    definitivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [concluyente, final] final, definitive;
    la versión definitiva [de un texto] the definitive version;
    los resultados definitivos the final results;
    el Supremo emitirá el dictamen definitivo sobre el caso the Supreme Court will make the definitive judgement in the case
    2. [permanente, para siempre] definitive, final;
    la sede definitiva de la empresa estará en Buenos Aires the company's definitive headquarters will be in Buenos Aires;
    su despedida definitiva de los campos de fútbol his final departure from the soccer pitch
    3. [decisivo] decisive;
    su intervención fue definitiva para resolver el conflicto his intervention was decisive in resolving the conflict
    ♦ en definitiva loc adv
    en definitiva, el futuro es prometedor all in all, the future looks promising;
    ésta es, en definitiva, la única alternativa que nos queda this is, in short, the only alternative we have left
    * * *
    adj conclusión definitive; respuesta definite;
    en definitiva all in all
    * * *
    definitivo, -va adj
    1) : definitive, conclusive
    2)
    en definitiva : all in all, on the whole
    3)
    en definitiva Mex : permanently, for good
    * * *
    1. (en general) final
    2. (solución) definitive
    3. (respuesta) definite

    Spanish-English dictionary > definitivo

  • 8 Catholic church

       The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.
       In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.
       Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.
       The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.
       With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.
       After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.
       Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Catholic church

  • 9 en

    en [ɑ̃]
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    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque en fait partie d'une locution comme en retard, en tout, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
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    1. <
       a. (lieu: situation) in
    • vivre en France/Normandie to live in France/Normandy
    • il habite en banlieue/ville he lives in the suburbs/the town
    • il voyage en Grèce/Corse he's travelling around Greece/Corsica
       b. (lieu: mouvement) to
    • aller or partir en Angleterre/Normandie to go to England/Normandy
       c. (temps) in
       e. ( = chez) ce que j'aime en lui, c'est son courage what I like about him is his courage
       f. ( = habillé de) in
       g. (description, composition) in
    • c'est en quoi ? (inf) what's it made of?
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► En anglais, un nom en apposition remplace souvent l'adjectif pour décrire la matière dont quelque chose est fait.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► en + comparatif
    • c'est son frère en mieux he's like his brother, only better
       h. ( = comme un) agir en tyran to act like a tyrant
    • en bon politicien, il... being the skilled politician he is, he...
       i. ( = dans le domaine de) en politique in politics
    • ce que je préfère en musique, c'est... what I like best in the way of music is...
    • diplôme en droit/histoire law/history degree
       j. (mesure) in
       k. ► en + participe présent
    • « non » dit-il en haussant les épaules "no", he said with a shrug
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque en exprime une cause, il est traduit par by.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • en disant cela, il s'est fait des ennemis he made enemies by saying that
    2. <
       a. (lieu) quand va-t-il à Nice ? -- il en revient when is he off to Nice? -- he's just come back
    • voulez-vous des pommes ? il y en a encore would you like some apples? there are still some left
       d. (objet) rendez-moi mon stylo, j'en ai besoin give me back my pen - I need it
    • qu'est-ce que tu en feras ? what will you do with it (or them)?
    • tu en as eu de beaux jouets à Noël ! what lovely toys you got for Christmas!
    • c'est une bonne classe, les professeurs en sont contents they are a good class and the teachers are pleased with them
    • je t'en donne 100 € I'll give you 100 euros for it
       e. ► en être
    • où en est-il dans ses études ? how far has he got with his studies?
    • elle, mentir ? elle en est incapable she couldn't lie if she tried
    • où en sommes-nous ? (livre, leçon) where have we got to? ; (situation) where do we stand?
    * * *
    œɛn
    * * *
    abr nf Éducation nationale
    See:
    * * *
    en ⇒ Note d'usage
    A prép
    1 ( lieu) ( où l'on est) in; ( où l'on va) to; ( mouvement vers l'intérieur) into; vivre en France/province/ville to live in France/the provinces/town; voyager en Chine to travel in China; aller en Allemagne to go to Germany; monter en voiture to get into a car; aller en ville to go into town; le train va entrer en gare the train is about to enter the station; se promener en ville to stroll around town;
    2 ( temps) ( époque) in; ( moment déterminé) in; ( en l'espace de) in; en hiver/1991 in winter/1991; je prendrai mes vacances en septembre I'm taking my vacation in September; il a fait ce travail en dix jours he completed the work in ten days; en semaine, il mange à la cantine during the week he eats in the canteen;
    3 ( moyens de transport) by; voyager en train/avion/voiture/bateau to travel by train ou rail/plane ou air/car/boat; je suis venu en taxi I came by taxi; aller à Marseille en avion/voiture to fly/to drive to Marseilles; nous avons fait un tour en barque we went out in a rowing-boat; descendre la rivière en aviron to row down the river;
    4 (manière, état) elle était tout en vert/blanc she was all in green/white; il est toujours en manteau/cravate he always wears a coat/tie; un ouvrage en vers/français/trois volumes a work in verse/French/three volumes; elle était très en forme/beauté she was looking very fit/beautiful;
    5 ( comme) ( en qualité de) as; ( de la même manière que) like; je vous parle en ami/connaisseur I'm speaking (to you) as a friend/connoisseur; j'ai eu ce livre en cadeau/récompense/souvenir I was given this book as a present/prize/souvenir; il nous considèrent en ennemis they see us as enemies; il me traite en ennemie he treats me like an enemy; agir en traître/dictateur to act like a traitor/dictator, to act in a treacherous/dictatorial way;
    6 ( transformation) into; ils se séparèrent en plusieurs groupes they broke up into several groups; traduire en anglais to translate into English; changer des euros en dollars to change euros into dollars;
    7 ( matière) made of; c'est en quoi? what is it made of?; c'est en or/plastique it's (made of) gold/plastic; c'est en bois it's made of wood, it's wooden; une montre en or a gold watch ; une veste en laine a woollenGB jacket; le cadre est en alliage the frame is alloy, it's an alloy frame;
    8 ( pour indiquer une variante) son fils, c'est lui en miniature his son is just like him only smaller, his son is a smaller version of him; je voudrais le même en plus grand I'd like the same only bigger; je voudrais la même en bleu I'd like the same in blue;
    9 (indique le domaine, la discipline) in; en politique/affaires il faut être rusé in politics/business you have to be clever; idée fondamentale en droit français fundamental idea in French law; en théorie, c'est exact in theory, it's correct; licencié en droit bachelor of law; docteur en médecine doctor of medicine; être bon en histoire to be good at history;
    10 (mesures, dimensions) in; compter en secondes/années to count in seconds/years; les draps se font en 90 et en 140 the sheets are available in single and double; le mur fait trois mètres en hauteur et six en longueur the wall is three metresGB high and six metresGB long; en profondeur, il y a assez d'espace pour la bibliothèque mais pas en hauteur the space is deep enough for the bookshelves but not high enough; en largeur, il y a la place pour une piscine mais pas en longueur widthwise, there's (enough) room for a swimming pool but not lengthwise.
    B pron
    1 ( le moyen) si les abricots sont abîmés, fais-en de la confiture if the apricots are bruised make jam with them; prends cette couverture et couvre-t'en take this blanket and cover yourself with it; il sortit son épée et l'en transperça he took out his sword and ran him through;
    2 ( la cause) ça l'a tellement bouleversé qu'il en est tombé malade it distressed him so much that he fell ill GB ou became sick US; il a eu un cancer et il en est mort he got cancer and died; elle a eu un accident de voiture et elle en est restée paralysée/infirme she had a car accident which left her paralysedGB/disabled;
    3 ○( emphatique) tu en as un beau chapeau! what a nice hat you've got!; eh bien! on s'en souviendra de ce dimanche! well, we won't forget this Sunday in a hurry!; je n'en veux pas de tes excuses○! I'm not interested in your excuses; et moi, je n'en ai pas des soucis, peut-être! do you think I haven't got worries too!; j'en connais qui seraient contents I know some who would be pleased.
    [ɑ̃] préposition
    A.[DANS LE TEMPS] [indiquant - le moment] in ; [ - la durée] in, during
    en 40 ans de carrière... in my 40 years in the job...
    B.[DANS L'ESPACE]
    1. [indiquant - la situation] in ; [ - la direction] to
    se promener en forêt/en ville to walk in the forest/around the town
    en moi-même, j'avais toujours cet espoir deep down ou in my heart of hearts, I still had that hope
    C.[INDIQUANT LE DOMAINE]
    1. [pour des connaissances]
    bon en latin/physique good at Latin/physics
    2. [dans une situation]
    en cela ou ce en quoi il n'a pas tort and I have to say he's right ou not wrong there
    D.[INDIQUANT LA COMPOSITION] [pour des objets]
    chaise en bois/fer wooden/iron chair
    E.[INDIQUANT LA MANIÈRE, LE MOYEN]
    1. [marquant l'état, la forme, la manière]
    être en colère/en rage to be angry/in a rage
    en véritable ami, il m'a prévenu good friend that he is ou being a true friend, he warned me
    il était en pyjama he was in his pyjamas, he had his pyjamas on
    faire quelque chose en cachette/en vitesse/en douceur to do something secretly/quickly/smoothly
    2. [introduisant une mesure] in
    3. [indiquant une transformation] into
    4. [marquant le moyen]
    en voiture/train by car/train
    F.[AVEC LE GÉRONDIF]
    1. [indiquant la simultanéité]
    rien qu'en le voyant, elle se met en colère she gets angry just seeing him, the mere sight of him makes her angry
    tout en marchant, elles tentaient de trouver une réponse while walking ou as they walked, they tried to find an answer
    2. [indiquant la concession, l'opposition]
    en étant plus conciliant, il ne changeait toujours pas d'avis whilst ou although he was more conciliatory, he still wouldn't change his mind
    3. [indiquant la cause, le moyen, la manière]
    4. [introduisant une condition, une supposition] if
    en prenant un cas concret, on voit que... if we take a concrete example, we can see that...
    en supposant que... supposing that...
    G.[INTRODUISANT LE COMPLÉMENT DU VERBE] in
    croire en quelqu'un/quelque chose to believe in somebody/something
    ————————
    [ɑ̃] pronom
    A.[COMPLÉMENT DU VERBE]
    1. [indiquant le lieu]
    2. [indiquant la cause, l'agent]
    3. [complément d'objet]
    voilà des fraises/du lait, donne-lui-en here are some strawberries/here's some milk, give him some
    si tu n'aimes pas la viande/les olives, n'en mange pas if you don't like meat/olives, don't eat any
    tous les invités ne sont pas arrivés, il en manque deux all the guests haven't arrived yet, two are missing
    tu en as acheté beaucoup you've bought a lot (of it/of them)
    4. [avec une valeur emphatique]
    tu en as de la chance! you really are lucky, you are!
    5. [complément d'objet indirect] about it
    6. [comme attribut]
    B.[EN COMPLÉMENT]
    1. [du nom ou du pronom]
    2. [de l'adjectif]
    sa maison en est pleine his house is full of it/them
    C.[LOCUTIONS] [locutions verbales]
    s'en prendre à quelqu'un to blame ou to attack somebody
    il n'en croit pas ses oreilles/yeux he can't believe his ears/eyes

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > en

  • 10 ouvrir

    ouvrir [uvʀiʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 18
    1. transitive verb
       a. to open ; [+ verrou, porte fermée à clé] to unlock ; [+ veste] to undo ; [+ horizons, perspectives] to open up ; [+ procession] to lead ; [+ eau, électricité, gaz, radio, télévision] to turn on
    2. intransitive verb
    • on a frappé, va ouvrir ! there's someone at the door, go and open it!
    3. reflexive verb
       a. to open ; [récit, séance] to open ( par with)
       b. ( = se blesser) to cut open
       c. ( = devenir accessible) s'ouvrir à [+ amour, art, problèmes économiques] to open one's mind to
    * * *
    uvʀiʀ
    1.
    1) gén to open [boîte, porte, bouteille, tiroir, huître, lettre]; to draw back [verrou]; to undo [col, chemise]

    ne pas ouvrir la bouche or le bec — (colloq) ( ne rien dire) not to say a word

    ouvrir les bras à quelqu'un — ( accueillir) to welcome somebody with open arms

    2) ( commencer) to open [débat, spectacle, cérémonie, chantier]; to intitiate [période, dialogue, processus]
    3) ( mettre en marche) to turn on [radio, chauffage]
    4) ( créer) to open [compte, magasin, école]; to open up [possibilité, marché, passage]; to initiate [cours]

    ouvrir la route or voie à quelque chose — to pave the way for something

    5) ( élargir) to open [capital, rangs] (à to); to open up [compétition, marché] (à to)
    6) ( entailler) to open [abcès]; to cut open [joue]

    ouvrir le ventre (colloq) à quelqu'un — ( opérer) to cut somebody open (colloq)


    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( ouvrir la porte) to open the door (à to)

    ouvrez! — ( injonction) open up!

    2) ( fonctionner) [magasin, service] to open
    3) ( être créé) [magasin, service] to be opened
    4) ( déboucher) [chambre, tunnel] to open ( sur onto)
    6) (aux cartes, échecs) to open

    3.
    s'ouvrir verbe pronominal
    1) gén to open; ( sous un souffle) [fenêtre] to blow open; ( sous un choc) [porte, boîte, sac] to fly open; ( inopinément) [vêtement] to come undone
    2) ( commencer) [négociation, spectacle, chantier] to open (sur, avec with); [période, dialogue, processus] to be initiated (sur, avec with)
    3) ( s'élargir) [pays, économie, capital, institution] to open up (à, vers to)
    4) ( se confier) to open one's heart (à to)
    5) ( être ouvrant) [fenêtre, toit] to open
    6) ( être créé) [magasin, métro, possibilité] to open
    7) ( créer pour soi) [personne] to open up [passage]
    8) ( se dérouler) [chemin, voie, espace] to open up
    9) ( s'épanouir) [fleur] to open
    10) ( se fendre) [sol, cicatrice] to open up
    11) ( se blesser) [personne] to cut open [crâne, pied]

    s'ouvrir les veines or poignets — ( pour se suicider) to slash one's wrists

    * * *
    uvʀiʀ
    1. vt
    1) [fenêtre, porte, yeux] to open

    Elle a ouvert la porte. — She opened the door.

    2) [bouteille, paquet, livre] to open
    3) fig, [intellect, esprit] to broaden
    4) [rideaux] to open
    5) [veste, manteau] to undo
    6) [brèche, passage, voie] to open up
    7) [eau, électricité, chauffage] to turn on
    8) [magasin] to open, to open up
    9) [abcès] to open up, to cut open
    11) (= initier) [débat, dialogue, négociation] to open, to open up

    ouvrir une procédure DROIT — to initiate proceedings, to start proceedings

    ouvrir une session INFORMATIQUE — to log in, to log on

    2. vi
    1) (pour accueillir quelqu'un) to answer the door

    Va ouvrir, on a sonné. — Go and answer the door, the doorbell rang.

    2) [porte, fenêtre, couvercle] to open

    Cette porte ouvre mal. — This door doesn't open properly.

    3) (= magasin) to open

    Ils ouvrent à 9h. — They open at 9 am.

    4)

    ouvrir sur [pièce, terrasse] — to open onto, [livre, film] to open with

    * * *
    ouvrir verb table: couvrir
    A vtr
    1 gén to open [boîte, porte, bouteille, tiroir, huître, parachute, lettre]; to draw back [verrou]; to undo [col, chemise, fermeture à glissière]; ouvrir la bouche to open one's mouth; ne pas ouvrir la bouche ( ne rien dire) not to say a word; ouvrir le bec○ or sa gueule◑, l'ouvrir◑ to open one's trap○ ou gob◑ GB; il faut toujours qu'il l'ouvre◑ au mauvais moment he always opens his trap○ ou big mouth○ at the wrong time; ouvrir ses oreilles to keep one's ears open; ouvrir les bras to open one's arms; ouvrir les bras à qn ( accueillir) to welcome sb with open arms; ouvrir sa maison à qn ( accueillir) to throw one's house open to sb; (se) faire ouvrir une porte to get a door open; ⇒ grand C;
    2 ( commencer) to open [débat, négociation, spectacle, cérémonie, marque, chantier]; to intitiate [période, dialogue, processus, campagne]; ouvrir la marque à la cinquième minute to open the scoring in the fifth minute;
    3 ( mettre en marche) to turn on [radio, chauffage, gaz, lumière];
    4 ( créer) to open [compte, magasin, école, souscription, poste]; to open up [possibilité, perspective, marché, passage]; to initiate [cours]; ouvrir une ligne de crédit to open a line of credit; ouvrir un nouveau cours de gestion to initiate a new management course; ouvrir la route to open up the road; ouvrir une route to build a road; ouvrir la route or voie à qch to pave the way for sth;
    5 ( élargir) to open [capital, actionnariat, jeu politique, rangs] (à to); to open up [compétition, marché] (à to); ouvrir le ciel européen aux compagnies américaines to open up the European skies to American carriers; ouvrir ses rangs aux femmes to welcome women into one's ranks; ouvrir l'esprit à qn to open sb's mind;
    6 ( entailler) to open [abcès]; to cut open [joue]; ouvrir le ventre à qn○ ( opérer) to cut sb open○.
    B vi
    1 ( ouvrir la porte) to open the door (à to); va ouvrir go and open the door; n'ouvre à personne don't open the door to anyone; ouvrez! ( injonction) open up!; ouvre-moi! let me in!; se faire ouvrir to be let in;
    2 ( fonctionner) [magasin, service] to open; ouvrir le dimanche to open on Sundays;
    3 ( être créé) [magasin, service] to be opened; une succursale ouvrira bientôt a branch will soon be opened;
    4 ( déboucher) [chambre, tunnel] to open (sur onto); ouvrir sur le jardin to open on to the garden GB ou yard US;
    5 Fin la Bourse a ouvert en baisse/hausse the exchange opened down/up;
    6 (aux cartes, échecs) to open.
    C s'ouvrir vpr
    1 gén [boîte, porte, fenêtre, tiroir, huître, parachute] to open; ( sous un souffle) [fenêtre] to blow open; ( sous un choc) [porte, boîte, sac] to fly open; ( inopinément) [vêtement] to come undone;
    2 ( commencer) [négociation, spectacle, chantier] to open (sur, avec with); [période, dialogue, processus] to be initiated (sur, avec with); le film s'ouvre sur un paysage the film opens with a landscape; le festival s'ouvrira sur un discours the festival will open with a speech;
    3 ( s'élargir) [pays, économie, capital, institution] to open up (à, vers to); s'ouvrir à l'Est/aux nouvelles technologies to open up to the East/to new technologies;
    4 ( se confier) to open one's heart (à to); ouvrez-vous en à elle open your heart to her about it;
    5 ( être ouvrant) [fenêtre, toit] to open; ma valise/jupe s'ouvre sur le côté my suitcase/skirt opens at the side;
    6 ○( être mis en marche) comment est- ce que le chauffage s'ouvre? how do you turn on the heating?; où est-ce que la lumière s'ouvre? where do you turn on the light?;
    7 ( être créé) [magasin, métro, possibilité] to open; un garage va s'ouvrir ici there's going to be a garage here;
    8 ( créer pour soi) [personne] to open up [passage];
    9 ( se dérouler) [chemin, voie, espace] to open up; une nouvelle voie s'ouvre devant nous a new path is opening up before us;
    10 ( s'épanouir) [fleur] to open;
    11 ( se fendre) [sol, cicatrice] to open up; [mer] to part; la mer s'ouvrit devant eux the sea parted in front of them;
    12 ( se blesser) [personne] to cut open [crâne, pied]; il a réussi à s'ouvrir le crâne he managed to cut his head open; s'ouvrir les veines or poignets ( pour se suicider) to slash one's wrists.
    [uvrir] verbe transitif
    1. [portail, tiroir, capot de voiture, fenêtre] to open
    [porte fermée à clé] to unlock, to open
    [porte verrouillée] to unbolt, to open
    il ouvrit la porte d'un coup d'épaule he shouldered the door open, he forced the door (open) with his shoulder
    je suis allé ouvrir chez les Loriot avant qu'ils rentrent de voyage I went and opened up the Loriots' house before they came back from their trip
    on a sonné, je vais ouvrir there's someone at the door, I'll go
    c'est moi, ouvre it's me, open the door ou let me in
    2. [bouteille, pot, porte-monnaie] to open
    [coquillage] to open (up) (separable)
    [paquet] to open, to unwrap
    [enveloppe] to open, to unseal
    3. [déplier - éventail] to open ; [ - carte routière] to open (up) (separable), to unfold ; [ - livre] to open (up) (separable)
    4. [desserrer, écarter - compas, paupières] to open ; [ - rideau] to open, to draw back (separable) ; [ - aile, bras] to open (out) (separable), to spread (out) (separable) ; [ - mains] to open (out) (separable)
    [déboutonner - veste] to undo, to unfasten
    le matin, j'ai du mal à ouvrir les yeux [à me réveiller] I find it difficult to wake up in the morning
    5. [commencer - hostilités] to open, to begin ; [ - campagne, récit, enquête] to open, to start ; [ - bal, festival, conférence, saison de chasse] to open
    6. [rendre accessible - chemin, voie] to open (up), to clear ; [ - frontière, filière] to open
    7. [créer - boutique, cinéma, infrastructure] to open ; [ - entreprise] to open, to set up (separable)
    8. [faire fonctionner - radiateur, robinet] to turn on (separable) ; [ - circuit électrique] to open
    ouvre la télé (familier) turn ou switch the TV on
    ouvrir l'eau/l'électricité/le gaz (familier) to turn on the water/the electricity/the gas
    9. [être en tête de - défilé, procession] to lead
    10. [inciser - corps] to open (up), to cut open ; [ - panaris] to lance, to cut open
    11. SPORT
    ouvrir la marque ou le score
    a. [généralement] to open the scoring
    12. BANQUE [compte bancaire, portefeuille d'actions] to open
    [emprunt] to issue, to float
    b. [commencer le jeu] to open ou to lead with a heart
    ————————
    [uvrir] verbe intransitif
    1. [boutique, restaurant, spectacle] to (be) open
    la chasse au faisan/la conférence ouvrira en septembre the pheasant season/the conference will open in September
    2. [couvercle, fenêtre, porte] to open
    ————————
    ouvrir sur verbe plus préposition
    1. [déboucher sur] to open onto
    2. [commencer par] to open with
    ouvrir sur l'aile gauche to release the ball on the blind side/to the left wing
    ————————
    s'ouvrir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    1. [boîte, valise] to open
    [chemisier, fermeture] to come undone
    2. [être inauguré] to open
    ————————
    s'ouvrir verbe pronominal transitif
    [se couper - personne]
    s'ouvrir les veines to slash ou to cut one's wrists
    ————————
    s'ouvrir verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [se desserrer, se déplier - bras, fleur, huître, main] to open ; [ - aile] to open (out), to spread, to unfold ; [ - bouche, œil, paupière, livre, rideau] to open
    2. [se fendre - foule, flots] to part ; [ - sol] to open up ; [ - melon] to open, to split (open)
    3. [boîte, valise - accidentellement] to (come) open
    4. [fenêtre, portail] to open
    la fenêtre s'ouvrit brusquement the window flew ou was flung ou was thrown open
    la porte s'ouvre sur la pièce/dans le couloir the door opens into the room/out into the corridor
    5. [s'épancher] to open up
    s'ouvrir à quelqu'un de quelque chose to open one's heart to somebody about something, to confide in somebody about something
    6. [débuter - bal, conférence]
    s'ouvrir par to open ou to start with
    7. [se présenter - carrière] to open up
    ————————
    s'ouvrir à verbe pronominal plus préposition
    [des idées, des influences]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > ouvrir

  • 11 Florey, Howard Walter

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 24 September 1898 Adelaide, Australia
    d. 21 February 1968 Oxford, England
    [br]
    Australian pathologist who contributed to the research and technology resulting in the practical clinical availability of penicillin.
    [br]
    After graduating MB and BS from Adelaide University in 1921, he went to Oxford University, England, as a Rhodes Scholar in 1922. Following a period at Cambridge and as a Rockefeller Fellow in the USA, he returned to Cambridge as Lecturer in Pathology. He was appointed to the Chair of Pathology at Sheffield at the age of 33, and to the Sir William Dunne Chair of Pathology at Oxford in 1935.
    Although historically his name is inseparable from that of penicillin, his experimental interests and achievements covered practically the whole range of general pathology. He was a determined advocate of the benefits to research of maintaining close contact between different disciplines. He was an early believer in the need to study functional changes in cells as much as the morphological changes that these brought about.
    With E. Chain, Florey perceived the potential of Fleming's 1929 note on the bacteria-inhibiting qualities of Penicillium mould. His forthright and dynamic character played a vital part in developing what was perceived to be not just a scientific and medical discovery of unparalleled importance, but a matter of the greatest significance in a war of survival. Between them, Florey and Chain were able to establish the technique of antibiotic isolation and made their findings available to those implementing large-scale fermentation production processes in the USA.
    Despite being domiciled in England, he played an active role in Australian medical and educational affairs and was installed as Chancellor of the Australian National University in 1966.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Life peer 1965. Order of Merit 1965. Knighted 1944. FRS 1941. President, Royal Society 1960–5. Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology (jointly with E.B.Chain and A.Fleming) 1945. Copley Medal 1957. Commander, Légion d'honneur 1946. British Medical Association Gold Medal 1964.
    Bibliography
    1940, "Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent", Lancet (with Chain). 1949, Antibiotics, Oxford (with Chain et al.).
    1962, General Pathology, Oxford.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Florey, Howard Walter

  • 12 Green, Charles

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 31 January 1785 London, England
    d. 26 March 1870 London, England
    [br]
    English balloonist who introduced the use of coal gas for balloons.
    [br]
    Charles Green lived in London at a time when gas mains were being installed to supply coal gas for the recently introduced gas lighting. He was interested in the exploits of balloonists but lacked the finance needed to construct a balloon and fill it with expensive hydrogen. He decided to experiment with coal gas, which was very much cheaper, albeit a little heavier, than hydrogen: a larger balloon would be needed to lift the same weight. Green made his first ascent on 19 July 1821 to celebrate the coronation of King George. His large balloon was prepared in Green Park, London, and filled from the gas main in Piccadilly. He made a spectacular ascent to 11,000 ft (3,350 m), thus proving the suitability of coal gas, which was readily available and cheap. Like many balloonists, Green was also a showman. He made ascents on horseback or with fireworks to attract spectators. He did, however, try out some new ideas, such as cemented fabric joints (instead of stitching) for a huge new balloon, the Royal Vauxhall. On its first flight, in September 1836, this impressive balloon carried Green plus eight passengers. On 7 November 1836 Green and two friends ascended from Vauxhall Gardens, London, to make a long-distance flight. They landed safely in the Duchy of Nassau, Germany, having covered a record 480 miles (772 km) in eighteen hours. To help control the height of the balloon on this flight, Green fitted a long, heavy rope which trailed on the ground. If the balloon started to rise, then more of the "trail rope" was lifted off the ground, resulting in an increase in the weight to be lifted and a reduction in the rate of ascent. This idea had been suggested earlier by Thomas Baldwin in 1785, but Green developed it and in 1840 proposed to use if for a flight across the Atlantic: he later abandoned this plan.
    Charles Green made over five hundred ascents and died in bed at the age of 85, no small age for a balloonist.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the (Royal) Aeronautical Society, founded in 1866.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London (provides a full account of Green's achievements).
    T.Monck Mason, 1838, Aeronautica, London.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Green, Charles

  • 13 Taylor, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 16 August 1703 Norwich, England
    d. 17 September 1772 Prague, Bohemia
    [br]
    English oculist and exponent of surgical treatment of squint and cataract.
    [br]
    In 1722, employed as an apothecary's assistant, he studied surgery and especially diseases of the eye under Cheselden at St Thomas's Hospital, London. He returned to Norwich to practise, but in 1727 he assumed the role of itinerant surgeon oculist, with a particular reputation for putting eyes straight; at first he covered the major part of the British Isles and then he extended his activities to Europe.
    He obtained MDs from Basle in 1733, and from Liège and Cologne in 1734. In 1736 he was appointed Oculist to George II. It is likely that he was responsible for Johann Sebastian Bach's blindness, and Gibbon was one of his patients. The subject of considerable obloquy on account of his self-advertisement in the crudest and most bombastic terms, it is none the less certain that he had developed a technique, probably related to couching, which was considerably in advance of that of other practitioners and at least offered a prospect of assistance where none had been available.
    Dr Johnson declared him "an instance of how far impudence will carry ignorance". Without justification, he styled himself "Chevalier". He is said, not improbably having regard to his age, to have become blind himself later in life. His son carried on his practice.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    1761, The History of the Travels and Adventures of the Chevalier John Taylor, Ophthalmiater, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, John

  • 14 Staite, William Edwards

    [br]
    b. 19 April 1809 Bristol, England
    d. 26 September 1854 Caen, France
    [br]
    English inventor who did much to popularize electric lighting in early Victorian England and demonstrated the first self-regulating arc lamp.
    [br]
    Before devoting the whole of his attention to the electric light, Staite was a partner in a business of iron merchants and patented a method of obtaining extracts and essences. From 1834 he attempted to produce a continuous light by electricity. The first public exhibition of Staite's arc lamp incorporating a fixed-rate clockwork mechanism was given in 1847 to the Sunderland Literary and Philosophical Society. He also demonstrated an incandescent lamp with an iridioplatinum filament. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan recorded that it was attending lectures by Staite in Sunderland, Newcastle and Carlisle that started him on the quest which many years later was to lead to his incandescent lamp.
    In association with William Petrie (1821–1904), Staite made an important advance in the development of arc lamps by introducing automatic regulation of the carbon rods by way of an electromagnet. This was the first of many self-regulating arc lamps that were invented during the nineteenth century employing this principle. A contributory factor in the success of Staite's lamp was the semi enclosure of the arc in a transparent vessel that reduced the consumption of carbons, a feature not used again until the 1890s. His patents included processes for preparing carbons and the construction of primary cells for arc lighting. An improved lamp used by Staite in a theatrical production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in April 1849 may be considered the first commercial success of the electric light in England. In spite of the limitations imposed by the use of primary cells as the only available source of power, serious interest in this system of electric lighting was shown by railway companies and dock authorities. However, after he had developed a satisfactory arc lamp, an end to these early experiments was brought about by Staite's death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    July 1847, British patent no. 1,1783 (electromagnetic regulation of an arc lamp).
    His manuscript "History of electric light" is in the Institution of Electrical Engineers archives.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1902, "Staite and Petrie's electric light 1846–1853", Electrical Engineer 30:297–301, 337–40, 374–6 (a detailed reliable account).
    G.Woodward, 1989, "Staite and Petrie: pioneers of electric lighting", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 136 (Part A): 290–6 GW

    Biographical history of technology > Staite, William Edwards

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